A na-akpọkwa alloy okpomọkụ dị elu. Dị ka ihe owuwu matrix si dị, enwere ike kewaa ihe n'ime atọ: nickel dabeere na ígwè na chromium dabeere. Dị ka usoro mmepụta si dị, enwere ike kewaa ya ka ọ bụrụ superalloy nwere nkwarụ na nkedo superalloy.
Ọ bụ akụrụngwa dị mkpa na mpaghara ikuku ikuku. Ọ bụ isi ihe maka akụkụ okpomọkụ dị elu nke igwe ikuku na ụgbọ elu na-emepụta ụgbọ elu. A na-ejikarị ya eme ụlọ ọkụ, agụba turbine, agụba nduzi, compressor na turbine disk, turbine case na akụkụ ndị ọzọ. Oke ọrụ okpomọkụ bụ 600 ℃ - 1200 ℃. Nchegbu na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dịgasị iche na akụkụ ndị e ji mee ihe. Enwere ihe siri ike chọrọ maka akụrụngwa, anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ nke alloy. Ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa maka arụmọrụ, ntụkwasị obi na ndụ nke engine. Ya mere, superalloy bụ otu n'ime isi ọrụ nyocha na mpaghara ikuku na nchekwa mba na mba ndị mepere emepe.
Ngwa ndị bụ isi nke superalloys bụ:
1. High okpomọkụ alloy maka combustion ụlọ
Ụlọ combustion (nke a makwaara dị ka tube ire ọkụ) nke injin turbine nke ụgbọ elu bụ otu n'ime isi ihe dị elu nke okpomọkụ. Ebe ọ bụ na atomization mmanụ, mmanụ na gas na-agwakọta na ndị ọzọ Filiks na-rụrụ na combustion ụlọ, kacha okpomọkụ na combustion ụlọ nwere ike iru 1500 ℃ - 2000 ℃, na mgbidi okpomọkụ na combustion ụlọ nwere ike iru 1100 ℃. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ na-enwekwa nrụgide okpomọkụ na nrụgide gas. Ọtụtụ engines nwere oke mkpali/ịdị arọ na-eji ụlọ ọkụ annular, nke nwere ogologo ogologo na oke okpomọkụ. Okpomọkụ kachasị na ụlọ combustion ruru 2000 ℃, na mgbidi okpomọkụ ruru 1150 ℃ mgbe ihe nkiri gas ma ọ bụ uzuoku jụrụ. Nnukwu gradients okpomọkụ n'etiti akụkụ dị iche iche ga-ebute nrụgide okpomọkụ, nke ga-ebili ma daa nke ọma mgbe ọnọdụ ọrụ gbanwere. Ihe ga-adị n'okpuru ujo okpomọkụ na ike ọgwụgwụ okpomọkụ, a ga-enwe mgbagwoju anya, mgbawa na mmejọ ndị ọzọ. N'ozuzu, ụlọ combustion na-mere nke akwụkwọ alloy, na teknuzu chọrọ na-achịkọta dị ka ndị a dị ka ọrụ ọnọdụ nke kpọmkwem akụkụ: o nwere ụfọdụ oxidation eguzogide na gas corrosion iguzogide n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke iji elu okpomọkụ alloy na gas; Ọ nwere ụfọdụ ngwa ngwa na ntachi obi ike, thermal ike ọgwụgwụ arụmọrụ na ala mgbasa ọnụọgụ; O nwere ike zuru ezu plasticity na weld iji hụ na nhazi, nhazi na njikọ; Ọ nwere ezigbo nkwụsi ike nhazi n'okpuru usoro okpomọkụ iji hụ na ọrụ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya n'ime ndụ ọrụ.
a. MA956 alloy porous laminate
N'oge mmalite, a na-eji mpempe akwụkwọ alloy HS-188 mee porous laminate site na njikọta mgbasa mgbe esechara foto, dechie, kpụọ na ọkpọ. Enwere ike ime oyi akwa dị n'ime ka ọ bụrụ ọwa dị mma dị ka ihe a chọrọ si dị. Ihe owuwu a chọrọ naanị 30% nke ikuku jụrụ oyi nke ihe nkiri ọdịnala, nke nwere ike melite arụmọrụ okirikiri nke injin ahụ, belata ikike ibu ihe ọkụ ọkụ nke ụlọ combustion, belata ibu, yana ịbawanye ibu ibu. oke. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ ka dị mkpa imebi teknụzụ bụ isi tupu etinye ya n'ọrụ. Laminate porous mere nke MA956 bụ ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ụlọ combustion nke United States webatara, nke enwere ike iji na 1300 ℃.
b. Ngwa nke ihe mejupụtara seramiiki n'ime ụlọ combustion
United States amalitela ịchọpụta na ọ ga-ekwe omume iji seramiiki maka turbin gas kemgbe 1971. Na 1983, ụfọdụ ndị na-etinye aka na mmepe nke ihe ndị dị elu na United States ewepụtala usoro ihe ngosi nke arụmọrụ maka turbin gas ejiri na ụgbọ elu dị elu. Ndị a na-egosi bụ: mụbaa turbine mbata okpomọkụ ka 2200 ℃; Na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru combustion ala nke chemical ngụkọta oge; Belata njupụta etinyere n'akụkụ ndị a site na 8g / cm3 ruo 5g / cm3; Kagbuo jụrụ nke akụrụngwa. Iji mezuo ihe ndị a chọrọ, ihe ndị a na-amụ gụnyere graphite, metal matrix, ceramic matrix composites na intermetallic ogige na mgbakwunye na seramiki otu nkeji. Ngwakọta ceramic matrix composites (CMC) nwere uru ndị a:
Mgbasa mgbasawanye nke ihe seramiiki dị ntakịrị karịa nke nickel-based alloy, na mkpuchi dị mfe ikpochapụ. Ime ceramic composites na etiti metal chere nwere ike imeri ntụpọ nke flaking, nke bụ mmepe ntụziaka nke combustion ụlọ ihe. Enwere ike iji ihe a mee ihe na 10% - 20% ikuku jụrụ oyi, na okpomọkụ nke mkpuchi mkpuchi metal bụ naanị ihe dị ka 800 ℃, na okpomọkụ na-ebute okpomọkụ dị ala karịa nke dị iche iche jụrụ oyi na ihe nkiri jụrụ oyi. A na-eji tile mkpuchi nkedo superalloy B1900 + seramiiki mkpuchi mkpuchi na injin V2500, na ntụzịaka mmepe bụ iji dochie tile B1900 (ya na mkpuchi seramiiki) na ihe mejupụtara SiC ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi oxidation C / C mejupụtara. Seramiiki matrix mejupụtara bụ mmepe ihe onwunwe nke engine combustion ụlọ na a kpaliri arọ ruru nke 15-20, na ọrụ okpomọkụ bụ 1538 ℃ - 1650 ℃. A na-eji ya maka tube ọkụ, mgbidi na-ese n'elu mmiri na afterburner.
2. Akwa okpomọkụ alloy maka turbine
Aero-engine turbine blade bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị na-ebu ibu okpomọkụ kachasị njọ na ebe ọrụ kachasị njọ na igwe ikuku. Ọ ga-ebu nnukwu nrụgide na mgbagwoju anya n'okpuru okpomọkụ dị elu, ya mere ihe onwunwe ya dị oke mkpa. E kewara superalloys maka igwe ikuku turbine n'ime:
a. High okpomọkụ alloy maka ndu
The deflector bụ otu akụkụ nke injin turbine nke okpomọkụ na-emetụta nke ukwuu. Mgbe combustion na-enweghị isi na-eme n'ime ụlọ ọkụ ọkụ, ibu ọkụ nke mbụ ụzọ ndu vane buru ibu, nke bụ isi ihe kpatara mmebi nke vane ndu. Okpomọkụ ọrụ ya dị ihe dịka 100 ℃ dị elu karịa nke turbine agụba. Ihe dị iche bụ na akụkụ static anaghị eburu ibu ọrụ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ dị mfe ịkpata nrụgide okpomọkụ, mgbagha, ike ọgwụgwụ okpomọkụ na ọkụ mpaghara nke mgbanwe okpomọkụ na-akpata. The ndu vane alloy ga-enwe ndị na-esonụ Njirimara: zuru ezu elu okpomọkụ ike, na-adịgide adịgide creep arụmọrụ na ezi thermal ike ọgwụgwụ arụmọrụ, elu oxidation resistance na thermal corrosion arụmọrụ, thermal stress na vibration iguzogide, ekwe deformation ikike, ezi nkedo usoro ịkpụzi arụmọrụ na weldability, na mkpuchi mkpuchi arụmọrụ.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, injinia kachasị elu nwere oke mkpali/ịdị arọ na-eji agụba nkedo oghere, a na-ahọpụtakwa superalloys ntụzịaka na otu kristal dabere. The engine na elu ntughari-arọ ruru nwere a elu okpomọkụ nke 1650 ℃ - 1930 ℃ na mkpa ka a ga-echebe site thermal mkpuchi mkpuchi. The ọrụ okpomọkụ alloy agụba n'okpuru jụrụ oyi na mkpuchi mkpuchi ọnọdụ bụ ihe karịrị 1100 ℃, nke na-ewepụta ọhụrụ na elu chọrọ maka okpomọkụ njupụta na-eri nke agụba ihe n'ọdịnihu.
b. Superalloys maka turbine agụba
Uba turbine bụ isi ihe na-agbagharị agbagharị ọkụ nke igwe ikuku. Ọnọdụ okpomọkụ ha na-arụ ọrụ bụ 50 ℃ - 100 ℃ dị ala karịa akwụkwọ ntuziaka. Ha na-enwe nnukwu nrụgide centrifugal, nrụgide ịma jijiji, nrụgide okpomọkụ, ikuku ikuku na mmetụta ndị ọzọ mgbe ị na-atụgharị, na ọnọdụ ọrụ adịghị mma. Ndụ ọrụ nke akụkụ njedebe na-ekpo ọkụ nke injin ahụ nwere oke mkpali / ịdị arọ karịa 2000h. Ya mere, na turbine agụba alloy ga-enwe nnukwu creep nguzogide na mgbawa ike na ọrụ okpomọkụ, ezigbo elu na ọkara okpomọkụ Njirimara, dị ka elu na ala okirikiri ike ọgwụgwụ, oyi na-ekpo ọkụ ike ọgwụgwụ, zuru ezu plasticity na mmetụta siri ike, na notch sensitivity; Nnukwu nguzogide oxidation na nguzogide corrosion; Ezi conductivity thermal na ọnụọgụ dị ala nke mgbasawanye linear; Ịrụ ọrụ nkedo nke ọma; Nkwụsi ike nhazi ogologo oge, enweghị mmiri ozuzo oge TCP na okpomọkụ ọrụ. Alloy etinyere na-aga n'akụkụ anọ; Ngwa alloy mebiri emebi gụnyere GH4033, GH4143, GH4118, wdg; Ngwa nke nkedo alloy gụnyere K403, K417, K418, K405, directionally solidified gold DZ4, DZ22, single crystal alloy DD3, DD8, PW1484, wdg N'oge ugbu a, ọ tolitere na ọgbọ nke atọ nke otu crystal alloys. A na-eji otu kristal DD3 na DD8 nke China n'otu n'otu na turbines nke China, injin turbofan, helikopta na injin ụgbọ mmiri.
3. Igwe ọkụ dị elu maka diski turbine
Disk turbine bụ akụkụ na-agbagharị agbagharị kacha arụsi ọrụ ike nke injin turbine. Na-arụ ọrụ okpomọkụ nke wheel flange nke engine na mkpali arọ ruru nke 8 na 10 esịmde 650 ℃ na 750 ℃, na okpomọkụ nke wheel center bụ banyere 300 ℃, na nnukwu okpomọkụ dị iche. N'oge ntụgharị nkịtị, ọ na-eme ka agụba na-atụgharị n'ọsọ dị elu ma na-ebu ike centrifugal kachasị, nrụgide okpomọkụ na nrụgide ịma jijiji. Mmalite na nkwụsị nke ọ bụla bụ okirikiri, wheel center. Akpịrị, oghere na rim niile na-enwe nrụgide ngwakọta dị iche iche. Achọrọ alloy ka ọ nwee ike mkpụrụ kachasị elu, mmetụta siri ike na enweghị mmetụta uche na okpomọkụ ọrụ; Ọnụ ọgụgụ mgbasawanye ahịrị dị ala; Ụfọdụ oxidation na corrosion resistance; Ọmarịcha arụmọrụ.
4. Aerospace superalloy
A na-eji superalloy n'ime igwe rọketi mmiri mmiri dị ka panel injector mmanụ ọkụ nke ụlọ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime ụlọ ntinye; Turbine mgbapụta ikiaka, flange, graphite rudder fastener, wdg High okpomọkụ alloy na mmiri mmiri rọketi engine na-eji dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala ụlọ injector panel na-akpali ụlọ; Turbine mgbapụta ikiaka, flange, graphite rudder fastener, wdg GH4169 na-eji dị ka ihe nke turbine rotor, aro, aro aka uwe, fastener na ndị ọzọ dị mkpa na-ebu akụkụ.
Ngwa igwe roket mmiri mmiri nke America gụnyere ọkpọkọ oriri, agụba turbine na diski. A na-ejikarị GH1131 alloy na China, na agụba turbine na-adabere na okpomọkụ na-arụ ọrụ. Inconel x, Alloy713c, Astroloy na Mar-M246 kwesịrị iji ya mee ihe n'usoro; Ihe diski wheel na-agụnye Inconel 718, Waspaloy, wdg. GH4169 na GH4141 integral turbines na-ejikarị eme ihe, na GH2038A na-eji maka engine aro.